Q1: Can an employee be sued for damages for resigning without serving notice period?

The employer can only recover notice pay in lieu of the agreed notice period as quantified in the employment contract. Employers cannot arbitrarily withhold relieving letters, experience certificates, or accrued salaries without legal justification.

Q2: How quickly must social media platforms remove morphed photos after a complaint?

Under Rule 3(2)(b) of the Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules, 2021, social media intermediaries must remove or disable access to non-consensual intimate imagery within 24 hours of receiving a complaint.

Q3: Can insurance claim rejections be challenged in Consumer Court?

Yes. Insurance companies frequently reject valid medical, life, or commercial fire claims on hyper-technical exclusions. The Supreme Court in Manmohan Nanda v. United India Insurance affirmed that insurers cannot deny bona fide claims when pre-existing disclosures were made in good faith.

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Evidence Law • BSA 2023 August 4, 2026 8 Min Read

Authored by: Advocate Kishan Kumar (Advocate & Legal Consultant)

WhatsApp & Digital Evidence Admissibility Under BSA 2023

Quick Legal Takeaways

Section 61 & 63 BSA 2023: Electronic records are recognized as primary (original device) and secondary (printouts/DVDs) evidence.
Mandatory Certificate (Sec 63(4) BSA): Printed WhatsApp chat logs or exported files require a mandatory certificate of device operation (formerly Sec 65B Evidence Act).
Apex Court Binding Rule: Arjun Panditrao Khotkar (2020) confirms that secondary electronic evidence without a valid certificate is 100% inadmissible.

Table of Contents

Is Digital & WhatsApp Evidence Admissible in Criminal Trials under Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam 2023? - Urban Rights Legal Advocates

In modern criminal and civil litigation, electronic evidence—including WhatsApp chats, text messages, emails, CCTV footage, and audio/video recordings—frequently serves as decisive proof. Under the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023 (which replaced the Indian Evidence Act, 1872), electronic records are recognized as primary and secondary documentary evidence under Section 61 & Section 63 BSA.

Digital Evidence Admissibility & Cyber Law Checklist

Preserve Hash Values & Source Metadata: Keep the original mobile device, memory card, and cloud backup intact to prevent spoliation of electronic evidence.
Mandatory Section 63 BSA 2023 Certificate: Draft and submit an electronic record certificate signed by the device custodian detailing hardware and software provenance.
Report to National Cyber Crime Portal: File an immediate complaint on cybercrime.gov.in and petition the Cyber Police Station for urgent takedown notices under the IT Act.

1. Primary vs. Secondary Electronic Evidence

Primary Electronic Evidence (Section 62 BSA): The original mobile phone, hard disk, or recording device itself produced directly before the court. No certificate is required if original device is produced.
Secondary Electronic Evidence (Section 63 BSA): Printouts of WhatsApp messages, exported PDF logs, burnt DVDs of CCTV footage, or photo printouts. Mandatory Section 63(4) BSA certificate required.

Landmark Precedent: Arjun Panditrao Khotkar v. Kailash Kushanrao Gorantyal (2020) 7 SCC 1

A 3-Judge Bench of the Supreme Court held that submission of the statutory certificate (formerly Section 65B Evidence Act, now Section 63 BSA) is a mandatory condition precedent for admitting secondary electronic evidence. Without a valid certificate, electronic printouts cannot be read in evidence.

Landmark Precedent: Anvar P.V. v. P.K. Basheer (2014) 10 SCC 473

The Supreme Court established that general oral evidence cannot override missing mandatory electronic certificates. Electronic records must be authenticated strictly in accordance with statutory requirements.

2. How to Successfully Prove WhatsApp Chats in Court

Do not delete the original chat thread or switch devices prior to forensic imaging.
Export chat logs along with media attachments and store in a secure drive.
Draft a comprehensive Section 63(4) BSA Certificate detailing device make, IMEI number, mobile number, operating system, and affirming that the device operated properly without tampering during the relevant period.
In crucial criminal matters, seek court directions for Call Detail Records (CDR) and IP logs under BNSS trial provisions.

3. Comprehensive Legal Framework under BSA 2023

The admissibility of electronic records, including WhatsApp chats, is comprehensively governed by the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023, which has replaced the Indian Evidence Act, 1872.

Section 61 BSA 2023: Mandates that nothing in the Act shall apply to deny admissibility of an electronic record as evidence solely on the ground that it is an electronic record.
Section 62 BSA 2023: Special provisions regarding evidence relating to electronic records. It lays down the conditions under which a computer output shall be deemed to be a document.
Section 63 BSA 2023: Corresponds to the old Section 65B of IEA. It outlines the mandatory requirements and conditions for the admissibility of electronic records, including the necessity of a certificate for secondary electronic evidence.
Section 57 BSA 2023: Primary evidence includes electronic records produced for the inspection of the court, subject to Section 63.

4. Landmark Judicial Precedents

1. Anvar P.V. v. P.K. Basheer (Supreme Court)

Ruling: The Supreme Court laid down the landmark rule that secondary evidence of an electronic record is inadmissible without a mandatory certificate under Section 65B (now Section 63 BSA).

2. Arjun Panditrao Khotkar v. Kailash Kushanrao Gorantyal (Supreme Court)

Ruling: Clarified that the certificate under Section 65B(4) is a condition precedent to the admissibility of evidence by way of electronic record, but it can be submitted at any stage of the trial before the trial concludes.

3. Amrit Singh v. State of Punjab

Ruling: Highlighted that while electronic chats (like WhatsApp) are admissible, their evidentiary value depends on corroboration and proof of the origin and integrity of the messages.

5. Complete Procedural Roadmap for Admitting WhatsApp Evidence

Preservation of Source: Do not delete the WhatsApp chats. Preserve the original device (mobile phone) where the chats were received or sent.
Exporting Data: Take clear screenshots or export the chat history, ensuring timestamps and sender/receiver contact details are visible.
Drafting the Certificate: Prepare a detailed certificate under Section 63 of the BSA 2023, identifying the electronic record, describing the device, and confirming the lawful control and proper functioning of the device.
Signing the Certificate: The certificate must be signed by a person occupying a responsible official position in relation to the operation of the relevant device or the management of the relevant activities.
Submission in Court: File the electronic record (printouts/CDs/USBs) along with the Section 63 certificate in court during the evidence stage.
Corroboration: Support the digital evidence with oral testimony or other corroborating facts to establish authenticity and context.

6. Comparative Assessment Table: Primary vs. Secondary Electronic Evidence

Feature	Primary Electronic Evidence	Secondary Electronic Evidence
Definition	The original device itself (e.g., the mobile phone).	Printouts, copies, or data stored on media (CD/USB).
Section 63 Certificate	Not required.	Mandatorily required.
Admissibility	Admissible upon direct production to the court.	Admissible only if conditions of Section 63 are met.
Practicality	Often difficult as devices are needed for daily use.	Standard practice in most litigation.

7. Strategic Legal Advisory for Litigants

Digital evidence is highly susceptible to tampering. Therefore, the immediate preservation of WhatsApp chats and the strict compliance with the certification requirements of Section 63 of the BSA 2023 are critical. Any failure to produce the requisite certificate can render vital evidence completely inadmissible, potentially jeopardizing the entire case. Engage legal experts to ensure that digital footprints are properly authenticated and presented before the court.

8. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Q1: Can WhatsApp messages be used as evidence in court without the other party's consent?

Answer: Yes. Under Section 61 of the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam 2023, electronic records are admissible regardless of the other party's consent. However, the producing party must furnish a Section 63 BSA certificate authenticating the electronic record's integrity and the device from which it was extracted.

Q2: What happens if the original device containing digital evidence is lost or damaged?

Answer: If the original device is unavailable, secondary electronic evidence can still be admitted under Section 61 BSA 2023, provided a Section 63 certificate is filed explaining why the original is unavailable and certifying that the copy is a true reproduction. The Supreme Court in Arjun Panditrao Khotkar v. Kailash Kushanrao Gorantyal (2020) mandated strict compliance with certificate requirements.

Q3: Are screenshots of social media posts admissible in Indian courts?

Answer: Yes, provided they are accompanied by a Section 63 BSA 2023 certificate identifying the device, operator, and timestamp. Courts also accept hash-verified forensic extractions. In Anvar P.V. v. P.K. Basheer (2014), the Supreme Court established that electronic evidence without proper certification is inadmissible.

9. Complete Section 63 BSA 2023 Digital Certificate Drafting Checklist

Essential Particulars for Admissibility of Chat & Call Records

Device Identification Details: Exact make, model, IMEI number, MAC address, and operating system of the device.
Lawful Control Declaration: Sworn statement affirming lawful ownership and daily operation of the computer/phone.
Hash Value Verification: Generating SHA-256 cryptographic hash of exported chat files and audio recordings.
Operator / System Administrator Certificate: Accompanying certificate from IT professional or device custodian.
Original Device Production Readiness: Keeping the physical phone/laptop ready for court inspection if contested.

Statutory Authorities & Legal References

Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita & Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023
Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023 (Section 63 Electronic Evidence Certificate)
Landmark rulings of the Supreme Court of India and Punjab & Haryana High Court
Case precedents reported in Supreme Court Cases (SCC), All India Reporter (AIR), and Punjab Law Reporter (PLR).
e-Courts Services & National Judicial Data Grid (NJDG) procedural tracking guidelines.

Disclaimer: This article is published for educational and informational purposes only under the Advocates Act, 1961. It does not constitute formal legal advice or create an attorney-client relationship. For case-specific legal strategy, consult a qualified advocate.

Actionable Next Steps & Critical Legal Checklist

If you are facing an active legal dilemma regarding Digital Evidence Admissibility & Cyber Law Checklist, execute these immediate procedural steps to protect your statutory rights:

Preserve Hash Values & Source Metadata: Keep the original mobile device, memory card, and cloud backup intact to prevent spoliation of electronic evidence.
Mandatory Section 63 BSA 2023 Certificate: Draft and submit an electronic record certificate signed by the device custodian detailing hardware and software provenance.
Report to National Cyber Crime Portal: File an immediate complaint on cybercrime.gov.in and petition the Cyber Police Station for urgent takedown notices under the IT Act.